CPM Dictionary: E
E1, E3: Digital circuits (non-North America) that
use TDM (time-division multiplexing); E1 = 2.048 Mbps, E3 = 30 M bps. See also
T1, T3
Early Warning System: In disease surveillance, procedures that detect as early
as possible any departure from usual or normally observed frequency of phenomena
Earthquake: Sudden trembling of the ground produced by abrupt displacement
of rock masses, usually within the upper 10 to 20 miles of the earth’s
crust
Earthquake Intensity: Technique for measuring the effects
of an earthquake at a particular place; determined from observations of an earthquake's
effect on people, structures, and the earth's surface
Earthquake Magnitude: Measures earthquake strength;
calculated from the instrument-based record made by the event on a calibrated
seismograph
Easter Egg: Undocumented function in a program, generally intended as a prank
or treat to frequent users
Eavesdropping: Listening to a private conversation which may reveal information
which can provide access to a facility or network
EC: European Community
ECB: See also Electronic Codebook
Echo Reply: An ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) response a machine that
has received an echo request sends to the other end of the connection
Echo Request: An ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) message sent to a
machine to determine if it is online and how long traffic takes to get to it
ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Economically-induced Migration: Displacement that occurs when people abandon
their homes because sustained conflict has caused substantial increases in the
cost of living due to shortages of basic commodities; a collapse of the economy;
a lack of available income; or a lack of buyers for goods produced
Economy of Mechanism: Principle that each security mechanism should be designed
to be as simple as possible, so that the mechanism can be correctly implemented
and so that it can be verified that the operation of the mechanism enforces
the containing system's security policy
ECOSOC: Economic and Social Council Educational Message: Provides information
about hazards, warnings, how to stay safe, and prevent personal injury or death
Egress Filtering: Filtering outbound traffic
EICAR: European Institute of Computer Anti-Virus Research. See also EICAR Standard
Antivirus Test File.
EICAR Standard Antivirus Test File: Working with other anti-virus
software companies, EICAR has developed a test file for anti-virus software
with one line of 68 printable characters; if saved as EICAR.COM, it can be executed
and displays the message "EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!" which
provides an easily reproducible executable file used by antiviral developers;
it provides a safe and simple way of testing whether an antiviral scanner is
operating without using a real virus
El Gamal Algorithm: Used in asymmetric cryptography; invented in 1985 by Taher
El Gamal; based on difficulty of calculating discrete logarithms and can be
used for both encryption and digital signatures
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP): Sharp pulse of electromagnetic energy radiated
instantaneously by a nuclear detonation, which may affect or damage electronic
components and equipment (FEMA)
Electronic Codebook (ECB): Block cipher mode that uses no feedback; identical
blocks of plaintext are transformed into identical ciphertext blocks; considered
the weakest form of block cipher
Electronic Exposure: Rating used to calculate vulnerability based on whether
a threat must have electronic access to a system to exploit a vulnerability
Electronic Vaulting: Transfer of data to an offsite storage facility using a
communications link; can eliminate need for tape shipment and shortens time
required to move data offsite
Elimination (of Disease): Reduction of case transmission to a predetermined
very low level. See also Eradication (of Disease)
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC): Asymmetric cryptography based on group mathematics
that are defined by the points on a curve
EMA: See also Emergency Management Agency
Emanations: See also Compromising Emanations
Emanations Analysis: Gaining direct knowledge of communicated data by monitoring
and resolving a signal that is emitted by a system and that contains the data
but is not intended to communicate the data
Embedded System: Performs or controls a function, either in whole or in part,
as an integral element of a larger system or subsystem
Emergency: Sudden, unexpected event requiring immediate action due to potential
threat to health and safety, the environment, or property; an extraordinary
situation in which people are unable to meet their basic survival needs, or
there are serious and immediate threats to human life and well being
Emergency Action Plan: Structured sequence of steps taken to reduce the potential
for loss of life and property damage in an area affected by disaster
Emergency Alert System: Digital (voice/text) communications system consisting
of broadcast stations and interconnecting facilities authorized by the Federal
Communication Commission; provides the President and other national, State,
and local officials the means to broadcast emergency information to the public
before, during, and after disasters
Emergency Broadcast System (EBS): Voice radio communications system consisting
of broadcast stations and interconnecting facilities authorized by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC); designed for use by the President and other
national, State, and local officials to broadcast emergency information to the
public in time of war, state of public peril, disaster, or other national emergencies
as provided by plans
Emergency Caused by Epidemic or Threatened Epidemic: Event
characterized by some or all of the following: a) risk of introduction and spread
of the disease in the population is substantial; b) large number of cases can
be anticipated; c) disease may lead to serious disability or death; d) risk
of social and/or economic disruption resulting from the presence of the disease
is considerable; e) national authorities are unable to cope adequately with
the situation because of a lack or insufficiency of technical or professional
personnel; f) organizational experience is underdeveloped; g) necessary supplies
or equipment (drugs, vaccines, laboratory diagnostic materials, vector control
materials) are insufficient to meet the need for which they are intended; h)
and a danger of international transmission exists. See also Emergency; Epidemic;
Threatened Epidemic; World Health Organization
Emergency Coordination Team: In a nuclear emergency, the on-site Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) team that is managed by the director of site operations
Emergency Coordinator: Trained person assigned to coordinate emergency response
activities at a disaster site in accordance with statutory and/or emergency
services
Emergency Control Center (ECC): Facility designated as primary location to support
initial actions by Crisis Management Team during initial onset of a disaster;
often used in conjunction with Command Center; desirable to have primary and
secondary ECC locations in case one becomes unavailable. See also Command Center,
Emergency Operations Center, Command, Control and Coordination/Communications
Emergency Data Services: Remote capture and storage of electronic data, such
as journaling, electronic vaulting and database shadowing/ mirroring
Emergency Department: Unit in a health care organization that provides emergency
care services; typically lead by physicians experienced and often specializing
in emergency medicine; operates around the clock
Emergency Environmental Health Services: Activities required to correct or improve
damaging environmental health effects on humans, including inspection for food
contamination, inspection for water contamination, and vector control; providing
for sewage and solid waste inspection and disposal; clean-up and disposal of
hazardous materials; and sanitation inspection for emergency shelter facilities
(FEMA)
Emergency Health Services: Activities required to prevent and treat the damaging
health effects of an emergency, including communicable disease control, immunization,
laboratory services, dental and nutritional services; providing first aid for
treatment of ambulatory patients and those with minor injuries; providing public
health information on emergency treatment, prevention, and control; and providing
administrative support including maintenance of vital records and providing
for a conduit of emergency health funds from State and Federal governments (FEMA)
Emergency Information and Coordination Center (EICC): FEMA national emergency
center supporting Emergency Support Teams and other disaster activities; provides
links to Senior FEMA Officials, FEMA regional and headquarters staffs, and other
Federal agencies at the national level
Emergency Management: Organized analysis, planning, decision making, assignment,
and coordination to available resources to the mitigation of, preparedness for,
response to, or recovery from emergencies of any kind, whether from man-made
attack or natural sources
Emergency Management Agency (EMA): Can be referred to as the Office of Emergency
Preparedness (OEP) or Office of Emergency Management (OEM); under authority
of the governor's office, this facility coordinates the work of a state's health
department, housing and social service agencies, and public safety agencies
(e.g., state police) during an emergency or disaster; also coordinates federal
resources made available to the states such as the National Guard, the Centers
for Disease Control (e.g., EIS officers), and the Public Health Service (e.g.,
Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, ATSDR) See also Emergency Services
and Disaster Agency
Emergency Management Coordinator: Individual within a jurisdiction delegated
the day to day responsibility for the development and maintenance of all emergency
management coordination efforts
Emergency Management Cycle: See also Disaster Continuum
Emergency Management Director (Emergency Services Director): Individual within
a political subdivision (e.g., city or county) that has overall responsibility
for emergency management
Emergency Management Institute (EMI): Part of FEMA's National Emergency Training
Center (NETC), EMI conducts residence and nonresident training activities for
Federal, state and local government officials, managers in the private economic
sector, and members of professional and volunteer organizations on subjects
that range from civil nuclear preparedness systems to domestic emergencies caused
by natural and technological hazards. See also California Specialized Training
Institute
Emergency Marshal: Trained person responsible for ensuring that all employees,
visitors and contractors evacuate a site/building and report to Emergency Coordinator
when designated area is clear. See also Fire Marshal
Emergency Medical Disaster Plan (IDPH): Plan to assist emergency medical services
personnel and health care facilities in collaborating to provide support in
situations where local resources are overwhelmed. See also Disaster POD Hospitals,
IDPH
Emergency Medical Services: Services, including personnel,
facilities, and equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick
and injured from the time of injury to the time of final disposition, including
medical disposition within a hospital, temporary medical facility, or special
care facility, release from site, or declared dead (FEMA)
Emergency Medical Services Medical Director: Physician, appointed
by the resource hospital and approved by a state public health agency, who is
responsible and has authority for total management of the EMS system.
Emergency Medical Services System: Coordination activities associated with the
pre-hospital system (e.g., public access, dispatch, EMTs, ambulance services)
and the in-hospital system (e.g., emergency departments, hospitals and other
definitive care facilities and personnel) to provide emergency medical care
Emergency Medical Services System (EMSS) Act of 1973: Federal law that established
funding and systematic requirements for emergency medical services systems including
sufficient trained manpower to ensure the availability of care at all times;
regional training programs for all levels of personnel; emergency medical communications
systems; specialized facilities; transportation; disaster plans, integration
with public safety agencies; regional and interregional mutual assistance pacts;
critical care units; patient transfer continuity; consumer participation; consumer
education; standard medical records; care accessibility and availability; and
ongoing review and evaluation
Emergency Medical Technician (EMT): Health-care specialist with skills and knowledge
in pre-hospital emergency medical care
Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic (EMT-P): Allied health
professional who, working under the direction of a physician, administers advanced
emergency medical services, principally in advanced life support units
Emergency Medicine: Branch of medicine and medical specialty
that deals with the recognition, stabilization, evaluation, treatment, and disposition
of an undifferentiated population of patients with acute illness or injury
Emergency Mortuary Services: Services required to assure adequate death investigation,
identification, and disposition of bodies; removal, temporary storage, and transportation
of bodies to temporary morgue facilities; notification of next of kin; and coordination
of mortuary services and burial of unclaimed bodies
Emergency Nurse: Registered nurse, graduate nurse, licensed practical nurse,
or licensed vocational nurse engaged or interested in the care of emergency
patients
Emergency Operations Center (EOC): Location from which centralized emergency
management can be performed, generally by civil government officials (municipal,
county, state and Federal). See also Command Center, Emergency Command Center,
Command, Control and Coordination/Communications
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP): 1) State or local document that describes actions
to be taken in the event of natural disasters, technological accidents, or nuclear
attack; identifies authorities, relationships, and the actions to be taken,
based on predetermined assumptions, objectives, and existing capabilities; 2)
document that describes how people and property will be protected in disaster
and disaster threat situations; details who is responsible for carrying out
specific actions; identifies the personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies,
and other resources available for use in the disaster; and outlines how all
actions will be coordinated (FEMA).
Emergency Operations Systems Training: Training and exercises for emergency
operations preparedness for Emergency Operations Center (EOC) personnel
Emergency Patient: Outpatient with a potentially disabling or life-threatening
condition who receives initial evaluation and medical, dental, or other health-related
services in an emergency department or a freestanding emergency center
Emergency Phase: Time period immediately following onset of a disaster or other
situation during which extraordinary measures must be taken
Emergency Physician: Physician who specializes in emergency medicine
Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ): Areas surrounding a facility for which planning
is needed to ensure prompt and effective actions are taken to protect the health
and safety of the public if an accident occurs.
Emergency Preparedness: Process that addresses the need for an organization
or community to be prepared to respond to an emergency in a coordinated, timely,
and effective manner
Emergency Preparedness Canada: Canadian counterpart of FEMA
Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officer (EPLO): Senior reserve
officer who represents his/her service at the appropriate military headquarters
and civilian agencies which have plans, coordination, and execution responsibilities
in support of the National Security Emergency Preparedness (NSEP) program.
Emergency Procedures: Structured and tested actions that are invoked immediately
following a disaster to minimize loss of life, injury and property damage
Emergency Public Information: Information disseminated primarily
in anticipation of an emergency or at the actual time of an emergency that directs
actions, instructs, and transmits direct orders
Emergency Response: Actions taken in response to a disaster
warning or alert to minimize or contain the eventual negative effects, and those
taken to save and preserve lives and provide basic services in the immediate
aftermath of a disaster impact, for as long as an emergency situation prevails
Emergency Response Agency: Any organization responding to
an emergency, or providing mutual aid support to such an organization, whether
in the field, at the scene of an incident, or to an operations center. Emergency
Response Personnel: Personnel involved with an agency's response to an emergency
Emergency Response Team (ERT): An interagency team, consisting
of lead representatives from each Federal department or agency assigned primary
responsibility for an ESF and key members of the FCO's (field commanding officer)
staff, formed to assist the FCO in carrying out his/her coordination responsibilities
Emergency Response Team-Advance (ERT-A): Team composed of
key FEMA staff and primary agency representatives who are deployed in advance
by the FEMA Regional Director responsible for an affected State; deployed to
the State EOC and affected areas for the purpose of establishing communications,
performing a situation impact assessment, collecting damage information, and
setting up response operations in the DFO
Emergency Response Team National (ERT-N): ERT established for deployment to
catastrophic disasters where the resources of a FEMA Region have been, or are
expected to be, overwhelmed. See also Emergency Response Team.
Emergency Services: Coordination of functions by a state and its political subdivisions,
other than functions for which military forces are primarily responsible, that
may be necessary or proper to prevent, minimize, repair, and alleviate injury
and damage resulting from any natural or technological causes
Emergency Services and Disaster Agency: Coordinates emergency management programs
within a political subdivision and with private organizations, other political
subdivisions, the state and Federal governments. See also Emergency Management
Agency
Emergency Shelter: Shelter area provided for communal care
of individuals or families forced from their homes by a major disaster or an
emergency; the Red Cross often coordinates these facilities
Emergency Support Function (ESF): Response activity established
to facilitate the delivery of Federal assistance required during the immediate
response phase of a disaster to save lives, protect property and public health,
and to maintain public safety
Emergency Support Function Mass Care (ESF 6): Support services
including sheltering and feeding victims of disaster, emergency first aid, family
reunification, and distribution of emergency relief supplies; American Red Cross
(ARC) has been designated by the Federal Response Plan (FRP) as the primary
agency responsible for ESF Mass Care. See also American Red Cross
Emergency Support Function Health and Medical (ESF 8): Led by U.S. Public Health
Service Office of Emergency Preparedness, serves as basis for Federal response
to health needs of disaster victims
Emergency Support Team (EST): Group of FEMA specialists, trained
for rapid activation at FEMA headquarters, that assume national-level coordination
of emergency operations and provide support to the response structure in the
field
Emergency Work: Activities needed to save lives and
protect property, public health and safety performed under Sections 305 and
306 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L.
92-288)
Emerging Infections: Infectious diseases that have been identified and taxonomically
classified in a near-term timeframe; among the diseases in this category are
HIV infection, Ebola virus disease, hanta-virus pulmonary syndrome, and other
viral hemorrhagic fevers; by contrast, re-emerging infections are certain "old"
diseases, such as tuberculosis and syphilis that have experienced a resurgence
because of changed host-agent-environment conditions. See also Infection
Emission Security: Protection resulting from measures taken to deny unauthorized
persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and from an
analysis of compromising emanations from systems
EMS Providers: All ambulance providers and SEMSV providers participating in
an EMS system who sign a letter of commitment that outlines their responsibilities
in providing emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured; may
be asked to participate voluntarily in disaster responses that occur outside
their system(s) and are not part of pre-existing mutual aid agreements. See
also Emergency Medical Technician; Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic
EMT: See also Emergency Medical Technician
EMT-P: See also Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic
Enabled: Status level indicating that a program, job, policy, or security scan
is available
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): Internet IPsec protocol (RFC 2406) designed
to provide a mix of security services – especially data confidentiality
service – in the Internet Protocol; it can provide confidentiality service,
origin authentication service, connectionless data integrity service, an anti-replay
service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. See also Authentication Header
Encapsulation: Inclusion of one data structure within another structure so that
the first data structure is hidden for a specific time period
Encroachment: Any fill, structure, building, use, accessory use, or development
in a floodway or flood plain
Encrypted Virus: Virus whose code begins with a decryption algorithm and continues
with scrambled or encrypted code for the remainder of the virus; each time it
infects, a different encryption key is chosen in order to avoid providing a
consistent scan string to use as a signature
Encryption: Cryptographic transformation of data (called "plaintext")
into a form (called "cipher text") that conceals the data's original
meaning to prevent it from being known or used
End-to-End Encryption: Protection of information passed in a telecommunications
system by cryptographic means, from point of origin to point of destination,
provided by encrypting data when it leaves its source, leaving it encrypted
while it passes through any intermediate computers (such as routers), and decrypting
when the data arrives at the intended destination
Endemic: Disease present in a human or animal population that is transmittable
to humans, but has a very low morbidity rate
Endorsed Tools List (ETL): List of formal verification tools endorsed by the
NCSC for the development of systems with high levels of trust
Engine: Ground-based vehicle providing specified levels of
pumping, water and hose capacity but with less than the specified level of personnel
Engine Company: Ground-based vehicle providing specified levels of pumping,
water, hose capacity and personnel
Enterprise: See also Organization
Entrapment: Deliberate planting of apparent flaws in a system for the purpose
of detecting attempted penetrations. See also Honeypot, Pseudo Flaw
Environment: Aggregate of external procedures, conditions, and objects that
affect the development, operation, and maintenance of a system
Environmental Hazard: Hazardous condition that might give rise to loss under
an insurance contract, but which is beyond the control of the property owner
or tenant Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): U.S. Government agency that
coordinates Federal responses to control a spill of oil or other hazardous substances
in the inland region of the U.S.
Environment Restoration: Returning critical business operations to reasonably
normal operation at in an alternate location; this includes people, equipment
and telecommunications
Enzootic: Disease that is present in an animal population at all times, but
has a low morbidity rate. See also Endemic
EOC: See also Emergency Operations Center
EOC Action Plan: Plan developed at EOC levels which contains objectives, actions
to be taken, assignments and supporting information for the next operational
period
EOP: See also Emergency Operations Plan
Ephemeral Key: Relatively short-lived key. See also Session Key
Ephemeral Port: Also called a transient port or a temporary port; usually is
on the client side; established when client application wants to connect to
a server and is destroyed when the client application terminates
Epicenter: Location on the earth's surface located vertically above the point
of origin of an earthquake
Epidemic: 1) Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific
health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of
normal expectancy; number of cases indicating the presence of an epidemic varies
according to the agent, size, and type of population; purpose of surveillance
systems is to identify epidemics as early as possible so that effective control
measures can be put in place; 2) disease that is only present for a limited
time in a human or animal population that is transmittable to humans, and has
a very high morbidity rate. See also Behavioral Epidemic; Disease Epidemic;
Endemic; Pandemic; Threatened Epidemic
Epidemic, Behavioral: See also Behavioral Epidemic
Epidemic, Common Source: See also Common Source Epidemic
Epidemic, Disease: See also Disease Epidemic
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS): Training and service program developed
in 1951 in the U.S. Public Health Service Communicable Diseases Center (now
the Center for Disease Control and Prevention) by Alexander Langmuir (1920-1993)
to investigate epidemics with unusual features, e.g., large or life-threatening
epidemics, outbreaks of previously unidentified conditions
Epidemics, History of: See also History of Epidemics
Epidemic, Threatened: See also Threatened Epidemic
Epidemiologist: Investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other
health-related conditions or events in defined populations; important for control
of disease in populations. See also Clinical Epidemiologist
Epidemiology: Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states
or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control
of health problems. See also Applied Epidemiology; Clinical Epidemiology; Descriptive
Epidemiology; Disaster Epidemiology; Seroepidemiology
Epidemiology, Applied: See also Applied Epidemiology
Epidemiology, Clinical: See also Clinical Epidemiology
Epidemiology, Descriptive: See also Descriptive Epidemiology
Epidemiology, Disaster: See also Disaster Epidemiology
Epizootic: A disease that is only present in an animal population for limited
periods, but has a high morbidity rate. See also Epidemic
EPZ: See also Emergency Planning Zones
Eradication (of Disease): Termination of all transmission of infection by extermination
of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment; with smallpox
this was handled by joint activities of control and surveillance; regional eradication
has been used for poliomyelitis and measles. See also Elimination (of Disease)
Erasure: Process by which a signal recorded on magnetic media is removed; accomplished
by 1) alternating current erasure, in which the information is destroyed by
applying an alternating high and low magnetic field to the media; or 2) direct
current erasure, in which media are saturated with a unidirectional magnetic
field
ERT: See also Emergency Response Team
ERT-A: See also Emergency Response Team Advance Element
ERT-N: See also Emergency Response Team National
Escalation: Process by which an incident is communicated upwards through a business
or government agency’s chain of command
Escrow Passwords: Passwords written down and stored in a secure location (like
a safe) and used by emergency personnel when privileged personnel are unavailable
ESF: See also Emergency Support Function
ESF #01 (Transportation): Coordination of Federal transportation
support to state and local governmental entities, voluntary organizations, and
Federal agencies requiring transportation capacity to perform disaster assistance
following a catastrophic earthquake or other significant natural disaster; agencies
include Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC); Departments of Agriculture, Defense,
Homeland Security, Interior, Energy, State and Justice; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers;
and the U.S. Postal Service
ESF #02 (Communications): Coordination of Federal telecommunications
support to Federal, state, and local response efforts following a catastrophic
natural disaster; support agencies include Departments of Agriculture, Defense,
Homeland Security, Interior and Transportation; General Services Administration;
and the Federal Communications Commission
ESF #03 (Public Works and Engineering): Coordinate engineering,
design, and construction contract support to Federal, state, and local agencies
in the restoration of public works and essential public facilities following
a major or catastrophic natural disaster; support agencies include the Departments
of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, Interior, Labor, and Transportation;
the Environmental Protection Agency; General Services Administration; and the
Tennessee Valley Authority
ESF #04 (Firefighting): Coordinate the detection and suppression
of wildland, rural, and urban fires resulting from, or occurring coincidentally
with, a catastrophic earthquake; support agencies include the Departments of
Commerce, Defense, Homeland Security, Interior and Transportation; the Environmental
Protection Agency; General Services Administration; and the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers
ESF #05 (Information and Planning): Coordinate the
production and management of information needed to support disaster operations
and to develop response and recovery strategies; support agencies include the
Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and
Human Services, Homeland Security, Veterans Affairs, Interior, and Transportation;
American Red Cross; Environmental Protection Agency; General Services Administration;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Communications System;
Nuclear Regulatory Commission; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
ESF #06 (Mass Care): Coordinate sheltering, feeding,
and first aid following a catastrophic natural disaster; to operate a disaster
welfare information system to collect and report information about the status
of victims and assist with family reunification within the disaster area; and
to coordinate bulk distribution of relief supplies to disaster victims following
a catastrophic natural disaster; support agencies include Departments of Agriculture,
Commerce, Defense, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and
Urban Development, Interior, Veterans Affairs, and Transportation; General Services
Administration; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; and the U.S. Postal Service
ESF #07 (Resource Support): Coordinate logistical and resource
support following a catastrophic earthquake or other significant natural disaster;
support agencies include the Departments of Defense, Energy, Health and Human
Services, Homeland Security, Labor, Justice, and Transportation; National Communications
System; Office of Personnel Management; and the Veterans Administration
ESF #08 (Health and Medical Services): Coordinate supplementary
assistance to State and local resources in response to public health and medical
care needs following a catastrophic natural disaster; support agencies include
the Departments of Defense, Agriculture, Homeland Security, Transportation,
Interior, Justice, and Veterans Affairs; American Red Cross; the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers; National Communications System; Agency for International Development,
Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance; the Environmental Protection Agency;
General Services Administration; the U.S. Postal Service; and the National Funeral
Directors Association
ESF #09 (Urban Search and Rescue): Coordinate Federal response
capabilities and resources for US&R assistance following a major disaster;
support agencies include the Departments of Agriculture, Health and Human Services,
Homeland Security, Interior, Labor, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs; Environmental
Protection Agency; General Services Administration; and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
ESF #10 ( Hazardous Materials): Coordinate Federal support
to State and local governments in response to an actual or potential discharge
and/or release of hazardous materials following a catastrophic earthquake or
other natural disaster requiring Federal response actions; support agencies
include Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human
Services, Homeland Security, Interior, Justice, Labor, Transportation, and State;
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; U.S. Coast Guard; and the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission
ESF #11 (Food): Coordinate the identification, acquisition
and deployment of transportation of food supplies to affected areas following
a catastrophic earthquake; support agencies include Departments of Defense,
Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, and Transportation; American Red
Cross; and the Environmental Protection Agency
ESF #12 (Energy): Facilitate restoration of national energy
and power systems following a catastrophic natural disaster; support agencies
include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission; Departments of Defense, State, Agriculture,
Homeland Security, Interior and Transportation; National Communications System;
General Services Administration; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; and the Tennessee
Valley Authority
ESM Agent: Software component that performs security assessment on a host system
and returns the results to ESM Manager; ESM agents store snapshot files of system-specific
and user-account information, make user-requested corrections to files, and
update snapshots to match corrected files
ESM Enterprise Console: Graphical user interface (GUI) that administers managers
and agents; receives user input, sends requests to the ESM Manager, and formats
the returned security assessment data for display
ESM Manager: Software component that coordinates work of its assigned ESM agents,
provides communication between the agents and the ESM user interfaces, and stores
security data gathered by agents
ESP: See also Encapsulating Security Payload
Essential Service: Infrastructure services without which a building or area
would be considered disabled and unable to provide normal operating services;
typically includes utilities (water, gas, electricity, telecommunications),
and may also include standby power systems or environmental control systems
EST: See also Emergency Support Team
Ethernet: Most widely installed LAN technology; standard is IEEE 802.3, an Ethernet
LAN typically uses coaxial cable or specially prepared twisted pair wiring;
devices connect to the cable and compete for access using a CSMA/CD (carrier
sense multiple access/collision detection) protocol
Ethics: Branch of philosophy that deals with distinctions between right and
wrong - with the moral consequences of human actions. See also Informed Consent
Etiologic: Cause of disease/illness, example: the etiology of smallpox is the
variola virus
Evacuation: Movement of employees, visitors and contractors from a site and/or
building to a safe place (typically called an assembly area) in a controlled
and monitored manner following a disaster; also, organized, phased, and supervised
dispersal of people from dangerous or potentially dangerous areas (FEMA). See
also Assembly Area, Mandatory Evacuation, Spontaneous Evacuation, Voluntary
Evacuation
Evacuation Area: Total area encompassed by reception area necessary to receive
evacuees from a risk area or group of closely related risk areas
Evacuation, Mandatory: See also Mandatory Evacuation
Evacuation Order Time: Minimum amount of time before projected landfall of the
hurricane eye that decision makers must allow to safely complete the evacuation
under approaching hurricane conditions; includes the evacuation clearance time
and pre-landfall hazards time when the hurricane storm surge will inundate roads
and/or gale force winds will arrive
Evacuation, Spontaneous: See also Spontaneous Evacuation
Evacuation, Voluntary: See also Voluntary Evacuation
Evacuees: Persons removed or moving from areas threatened or struck by a disaster
Evaluated Products List (EPL): List of equipments, hardware, software, and/or
firmware that have been evaluated and found technically compliant with the US
DoD TCSEC by the NCSC; EPL included in the National Security Agency Information
Systems Security Products and Services Catalogue
Evaluation: Detailed review of a disaster relief program designed to determine
whether program objectives were met, to assess the program's impact on the community,
and to generate "lessons learned" for the design of future projects
Evaluation Research: Application of scientific methods to assess effectiveness
of programs, services, or organizations established to improve a patient's health
or prevent illness. See also Evaluation
Event: Occurrence that may lead to a business disruption; also an observable
occurrence in a system or network. See also Incident
Event Class: Predefined event category used for sorting reports and configuring
alerts
Event Normalization: Process by which events from disparate sources are mapped
to a consistent framework
Event Viewer (ITA Event Viewer): Windows NT or UNIX Graphical User Interface
(GUI) for viewing event data captured by intruder alert agents
Evidence-Based Medicine: Consistent use of current best evidence derived from
published clinical and epidemiological research in management of patients, with
attention to the balance of risks and benefits of diagnostic tests and alternative
treatment regimens
Exclusion Zone: See also Cordon (Inner and Outer)
Executive/Management Succession: Prearranged plan that ensures continuity of
governance, authority, decision-making, and communications in situations where
key senior managers suddenly become unavailable or incapacitated
Executive State: Operating state for a system in which the system may operate
and the only one in which certain privileged instructions may be executed; these
instructions cannot be executed when system is operating in other (e.g., user)
modes. See also Supervisor State
Exercise: Activity (announced or unannounced) executed for training and conditioning
team members, and improving their performance; used to test existing plans and/or
highlight the need for additional plan development. See also Desktop Exercise,
Full Rehearsal, Table Top Exercise, Simulation Exercise, Operational Exercise,
and Mock Disaster
Exercise Controller: Individual designated with overall management oversight
and control of an exercise and the authority to alter/cancel an exercise or
rehearsal plan
Exercise Directors: Responsible for mechanics of running an exercise
Exercise Observer: Participant that provides objective assessment of exercise
preparations and; observes individuals or teams; identifies potential lessons
to be learned
Exercise Umpire: Determines whether exercise goals and objectives are being
met and to determine whether activities are occurring according to schedule
and using the correct people; differs from Exercise Director in that it has
no responsibility for exercise processes
Expected Losses/Effects: Anticipated number of lives lost, persons injured,
damage to property and disruption of essential services and economic activity
due to the impact of a particular natural or man-made hazard; includes physical,
social/functional and economic effects
Expense Control: Process in which emergency expenditures of time and funding
are recorded and managed separately from ‘normal’ accounting. See
also Contingency Fund
Exploit: Specific attack or vulnerability used to take advantage of a particular
loophole or weakness in security measures
Exploitable Channel: Information channel usable or detectable by subjects external
to the trusted computing base whose purpose is to violate system security policies.
See also Covert Channel
Explosive Ordnance Disposal: Detecting, identifying, evaluating, rendering safe,
recovering, and finally disposing of unexploded explosive ordnance
Exponential Backoff Algorithm: Used to adjust TCP timeout values in real-time
so that network devices don't continue to timeout sending data over saturated
links
Exposed: In healthcare, an exposed group (or simply, the exposed) denotes a
group whose members have been exposed to a supposed cause of a disease or health
state of interest or possess a characteristic that may determines the health
outcome of interest
Exposure: 1) Potential susceptibility to loss; vulnerability to a particular
risk; also a threat action whereby sensitive data is directly released to an
unauthorized entity; 2) proximity and/or contact with a source of a disease
agent in such a manner that effective transmission of the agent or harmful effects
of the agent may occur; 3) amount of a factor to which a group or individual
was exposed; sometimes contrasted with dose, the amount that enters or interacts
with the organism, and may be beneficial rather than harmful, e.g., exposure
to immunizing agents; 4) process by which an agent comes into contact with a
person or animal in such a way that the person or animal may develop the relevant
outcomes. See also Dose; Exposure (Radiological)
Exposure Limit: Regulated level of exposure that should not be exceeded
Exposure (Radiological): Quantitative measure of gamma or x-ray radiation at
a certain place based on its ability to produce ionization in air. See also
Exposure Rate
Exposure Rate (Radiological): Amount of ionizing radiation to which an individual
would be exposed or which he or she would receive per unit of time. See also
Exposure
Exposure Surveillance: Investigate potential exposure to risk; may be based
on physical or environmental properties of the disaster or event; also known
as a risk factor variable, predictor variable, independent variable, or putative
causal factor
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP): Operating environment that supports
multiple, optional authentication mechanisms for PPP, including clear-text passwords,
challenge-response, and arbitrary dialog sequences
eXtensible Markup Language (XML): Common Web language used to exchange information
Extent of Damage: Visible plan area of damage to a target element, usually expressed
in units of 1,000 square feet in detailed damage analysis and in approximate
percentages in immediate-type damage assessment reports
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP): Distributes routing information to routers
which connect autonomous systems
External Hostile Structured (EHS) Threat: Individual or group outside an organization
that is motivated to attack, exploit, or disrupt mission operations; includes
foreign intelligence services, criminal elements, and professional hackers involved
in information warfare, criminal activities
External Hostile Unstructured (EHU) Threat: Individual outside an organization
who is motivated to attack, exploit, or disrupt mission operations; has limited
resources, tools, skills, and funding to accomplish a sophisticated attack;
includes Internet hackers and most crackers and vandals
External Non-hostile Structured (ENS) Threat: Individual outside an organization
who has little or no motivation for attacking it; yet this threat possesses
special resources, skills, tools, or funding to launch a sophisticated attack;
includes system and network security professionals who use the Internet to obtain
information or improve their skills
External Non-hostile Unstructured (ENU) Threat: Individual outside an organization
who has little or no motivation for attacking, has limited resources, skills,
tools, or funding to launch a sophisticated attack; includes normal Internet
users
External Threat: Originates outside an organization. See also Internal Threat
Externalities: Social benefits and costs not included in market price of an
economic good; includes benefits to others of treating a case of infectious
disease, adverse health effects of industrial air pollution not included in
the price of the industrial product, and impact on national economy of natural
resource depletion not included in calculation of national income
Extraordinary Situation: Situation or event that has unique national significance
and requires coordination of Federal assets; includes a radiological incident,
catastrophic hazardous material situation, catastrophic man-made disaster, energy
emergency, large-scale repatriation operation, resource emergency, domestic
mobilization emergency, consequences of a major civil disturbance having national
significance, or response to an incident associated with a special political,
sports, or entertainment extravaganza
Extreme or Catastrophic Event: Event with proportions beyond normal expectations,
e.g., September 11, 2001, which severely damages an organization’s assets
and results in a greater than expected loss
CPM Dictionary
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